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Exchange Value
In the exchange value reward system, students are given a slip of paper, postcards, tokens etc. that symbolize the value of good behavior and/or participation. These objects serve as a symbol of what they are worth and really aren’t worth anything themselves. In a way, this is similar to a piece of paper that really isn’t worth much on its own, but society gives it value by calling it “money.” Usually, students take these objects to the teacher and exchange them for a prize, piece of candy, gift certificate etc.

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The benefits: This reward system is relatively low cost to establish since the goal is that students will want to accumulate more of the symbolic objects in order to receive a larger prize. The teacher establishes the value system, and so can make them worth as much or as little as he or she chooses. Also, a competition factor comes into play where students compete with each other to have the most and the best of the prizes offered.

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The drawbacks: Some students may get discouraged with how long it takes to earn enough of the objects to “buy” something of “value”. They also may not buy into the reward system if the prizes aren’t to their liking. One never wants to make the mistake of giving rewards in a predictable fashion because then, good behavior will only be present if a reward is given. These drawbacks can be conquered when one person gets a universally acknowledged “amazing” prize and spreads the news through word of mouth. Also, major prizes should only be given sporadically, such as once a quarter.

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Positive Behavior Support
The Positive Behavior Support reward system is based on supporting desirable behavior rather than punishing bad behavior. Usually, those that abide by the rules of the PBS system get some sort of monetary, verbal or exchange value prize for their good behavior.

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The benefits: PBS systems are established at the outset of a class or school year. They are only strong when bought into by a lot of people and established across the board. The students who thrive best within the PBS systems are those who value their place in the system and the positive opinion of authority figures.
The drawbacks: Rewards cannot be emphasized more than the validity of the system as a means of establishing a desirable and productive learning environment. Students will only buy into a system if they experience the negative aspects of not having the system in place.

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According to William (2007:3), the factory system ensured that the entire manufacturing process was carried out in one place. He asserts that this move increased the efficacy of factory management and control and significantly reduced the cost of production. The system also ensured that the factory human resources were optimally utilized since the workers were engaged for the longest working hours possible while their wages were held constant. The introduction of the machines into the factories saw workers uniting to perform the factory tasks with the help of the machines; a move that largely increased both productivity and production efficiency. The owner’s point of view was that the factory system was the best since it favored their capitalistic ideology. In addition, the system was faulted for incorporation of child labor as the owners attempted to reduce cost.

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From the employees perspective however, the system was totally unfair because irrespective of the employees working for very long hours no extra wages were paid to them. Geraghty (2007:1331) felt that the factory system while benefiting the factory owners in terms of increased efficiency in managements, production as well as cost economies, it was dehumanizing to the workers due to the long working hours, poor working condition, low levels of remuneration and an imminent cause of unemployment, since the machines could easily replace many workers.

Workers were not in any way favored by the factory system, consequently, they united to fight for their rights, its abolishment and betterment of the working condition, forming the genesis of workers’ unions and labor movements in the late 19th century (Geraghty (2007:1330). Anti- factory system campaigns and uprisings resulted in the unionization of the employee and the emergence of labor movements aimed at fighting for factories’ workers rights as early as 1876.

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Abraham Lincoln said, “The philosophy of the school room in one generation will be the philosophy of government in the next.” If our founding fathers had a successful philosophy of government, which obviously they did, then it is very fair that we look back to the classroom to see what they taught.

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Harvard:
Harvard is the oldest ongoing university in the United States. Harvard produced a number of our founding fathers, including John Quincy Adams, John Hancock, John Adams, and Samuel Adams.
Harvard’s original stated purpose for its students was: “To be plainly instructed and consider well that the main end of your life and studies is to know God and Jesus Christ….” One requirement of students was that “Everyone shall so exercise himself in reading the Scriptures twice a day that he shall be able to give an account of his proficiency therein.”

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Yale:
Yale also produced many founding fathers, men like Noah Webster, William Samuel Johnson, Abraham Baldwin. One of Yale’s requirements for its students read as follows: “Seeing that God is the giver of all wisdom, every student, besides his private and secret prayer, will be present morning and evening for public prayer.”

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Princeton:
Princeton, founded in 1746, produced people like James Madison, Benjamin Rush and John Witherspoon. John Witherspoon became an ordained minister and was president of Princeton University (1768-1776) until New Jersey sent him to Congress. During those years at Princeton, the average graduating class was between 17 and 28 students per year. In the nine years that Witherspoon taught at Princeton, the school graduated one President, one Vice President, three Supreme Court Justices, ten Cabinet members, twelve Governors, twenty-one U.S. Senators, and thirty-nine U.S. Congressmen, plus many who held state offices. A full one-third of the founding fathers were trained at Princeton University.

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What was the philosophy of an institution that produced so many national leaders? Princeton’s founding statement was, “Cursed is all learning that is contrary to the cross of Christ.” It has been many years since we have seen this kind of vision of godly leadership within society set before us.

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The Foundational Documents:
There are four documents which are considered the organic laws of the United States (i.e., the laws upon which all other laws are built): The Articles of Confederation, the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution and The Northwest Ordinance.

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The Northwest Ordinance tells a territory specifically what it has to do in order to become a state in the United States. Article Three requires that no territory could become a state unless the schools in that territory were teaching religion and morality as well as knowledge. As a result, many state constitutions contain the following: “Forever in the schools of this state, religion and morality will be taught as well as knowledge.” You may want to check your state constitution.

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Look at Fisher Ames’ philosophy of education: (He was the author of the First Amendment of the Constitution, which today is mis-interpreted to mean we must separate God and government.)
“Why, then, if these new books for children must be retained, as they will be, why should not the Bible regain the place it held as a school book? Its morals are pure. Its examples are captivating and noble. And the reverence for the sacred book that is thus early impressed lasts long and probably, if not impressed in infancy, never takes firm hold of the mind.”

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However, today under our interpretation of Fisher Ames’ amendment, the Bible is not allowed to be studied in schools. We have drifted far from the days when our country was founded. As can been seen in the founding documents of our most prestigious universities, education in America was founded not on the pursuit of knowledge for the sake of knowledge, but rather on the pursuit of knowledge to glorify Christ. That happened and happens primarily through the study of the Word of God.

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The freshman project of each of the founding universities in America was that the student be given a copy of the Greek New Testament and from it make a handwritten translation into English! Blessed are the schools that still teach from the Bible and keep the Bible as the central source of education.

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First, there is a diminished stress on education. We see this in lowered national standards. Lowered expectations. Lowered requirements. We emphasize “feeling good” about yourself and therefore we accept mediocrity. Defining educational excellence and striving for it is old-fashioned and exclusionary.

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Second, there is an emphasis on “rights” over “responsibility.” The phrases are so common they are cliched: “I deserve it.” “It’s my right.” Whether or not we’ve “earned” it is irrelevant – because I want it, it’s my “right.”

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Third, there is a lack of balance in our use of time. The latest handheld techno-gadgets have become our Bibles, traveling with us wherever we go, providing structure and order to our days, advising us of what we can and can’t do. The thing they don’t provide is balance, rest, prioritization, and peace. We have become multi-tasking people instead of single-focused persons.

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Fourth, there is a “quick-fix” mentality. We live in a culture of sound-bites, immediate access, convenience technology, and instant gratification. We are unwilling to sweat and wait and work for what we want.

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Think for a minute of how this cultural worldview plays itself out within the Church:
With our diminished stress on education, we are content with teaching the bare basics of the faith in our churches. We are so concerned that people will become “overwhelmed” or “frightened” by the harder truths of Scripture, or by an in-depth study of doctrine, that we don’t present it to them. We keep them on a milk diet, and then wonder why they can’t digest meat.

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The cultural emphasis on “rights” means that we look at the benefits of Christianity … answered prayer, spiritual gifts, leadership, etc. … as our “rights” as children of God. The thought that the fullness of these things comes only through a life of obedience and daily discipline is unpalatable.

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Our schedules show our lack of balance in our lives. How often do you have in your daily plan: “Quiet time.” “Prayer time.” “Weekend spiritual retreat.” “Time for a long, quiet, unhurried walk – may take all afternoon.” We have planned God right out of our lives. Instead of providing us more time to spend on our spiritual development, we have less, because we schedule the time we have down to the wire.

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Finally, our quick-fix mentality has lost to us our entire Christian history of devotion, dedication, spiritual formation, solitude, labor, and suffering. We have no time to wait for what is good, and we don’t have patience with pain. We will not tarry for wisdom, nor work for fulfillment. If maturity cannot be gained in five-minute easy-to-understand devotional readings, then it won’t be gained at all.

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Why are we biblically illiterate as the Church? The above points can be summarized neatly:

We do not stress education.
We do not stress responsibility.
We do not stress balance.
We do not stress perseverance.
Without these, biblical knowledge – and spiritual maturity – cannot be achieved.

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But if you start right now, you are going to be just fine. Time is the biggest factor in saving a large amount of money. It can work for you if you start today. If you wait until you child is in high school, it will not be your best friend — it will just move too fast.

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I don’t know where to begin, you may be saying. So many parents aren’t saving for their children’s education because they really don’t understand what they will be facing. Many expect grandparents or other relatives to help out. But they don’t realize that 18 years is a long time and a lot can happen.

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Start saving now. Every little bit counts. Remember that the early you start, the less it will cost you. Interest works for you in many ways. Even a few dollars a week can end up buying several classes later on.

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Start by estimating what your child’s education will cost. At 5% inflation, the average public university may cost around $24,000 a year in 18years. If you have older children, the cost in ten years will be around $16,000 using the same calculations.

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Use these numbers to get you motivated. And yes, some of the education costs may be covered by scholarships and financial aid, but you never know. It is better to save too much than not enough.
You can simply use an online calculator to determine how much you will have to save each year to reach your goal. Remember, interest is working for you here, so it isn’t as simple as dividing the goal by the time you have to save. You will find that the sooner you start, the less you put in.

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Keeping this in mind, a savings account or money market account doesn’t pay very good interest. Most advisors recommend that if you are starting early, you should be aggressive. Stock funds out-perform other investments over the long term. Remember, this is an investment that requires your attention. Don’t just put it somewhere and leave it. Pay attention to the performance of the funds. As you get closer to your child’s high school graduation, start moving the money into more conservative investments.

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Many people want to know which is more important, saving for retirement or for a child’s college education? You can do both. Make your retirement your priority, but don’t ignore the savings for your child. Parents that are disciplined in saving money will teach a child a lot in life. Just as the college experience will.

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No matter what your financial situation or educational background is, with enough dedication and patience you can start a career in accounting with the aid of a good state or private college.

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The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire can be traced back to their origins in the lands of ancient Turkey as a tribe. The Ottoman Empire was named after Osman who set out to expand its territorial boundaries in the Asian land. The tribe of the ottomans was a shamanistic religion and when they came into contact and interacted with the natives of various regions, they began practicing Islam and the remaining neighboring countries were inclined towards Christianity. The current nation of turkey is the former Ottoman Empire. It was under the leadership of suleyman I. The leadership employed all sorts of schemes and machinations in their own style in conquering other territories and vend off any attacks from their adversaries or enemies. The tactics that were used were of advanced level and that is how the Ottoman Empire was able to conquer parts of Europe for instance the South Eastern part (Kinross, 2003).

The South Eastern part of Europe was dominated by the Ottoman Empire and reign in the sixteenth and seventeenth century. The Ottoman Empire was more active and participated in the day to day activities in the South Eastern part of Europe. The empire was more organized and had advanced warfare techniques and equipment unlike the neighboring nations. In the long run by applying the various warfare techniques the Ottoman Empire was able to advance their territory and entrench their style of leadership in the area. The different techniques, their leadership styles and administration have been discussed in detail in this work ( Ibid).

The dominance of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries was more characterized by their presence and rule in the parts of South East Europe and Aegean this was the height of the rule by the ottomans in the land. In this period, the ottomans had tried and conquered more resistance and established more territories both on land and sea. By achieving more control of the sea and land, the ottomans were more advantaged or privileged in the establishment. The empire was in race for the control of major trading routes that opened up the Far East and the more lucrative spice trade. It was in competition with the emerging powers in the European colonial powers at that time.
The empire under Suleyman I, reached its high between the years of 1520 and 1566. It was under the leadership of Suleyman I that the legal system which governed the issue of land tenure earned him the title of lawgiver. Suleyman I was also the patron of the ancient art in the Ottoman Empire ( Steve, 2003).

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Ottoman Empire ruled over Hungary, Greece, Bosnia, Serbia and Bulgaria. The struggle between the turkey and Venice in Greece led to the capture or seizure of Crete and continued being the threat to the remaining countries in the central Europe. The Ottoman Empire was making advances in the interior of the south east Europe with much ease. Their military prowess enabled them to conquer and overcome any resistances from their neighbors with ease. The military might did not go down well with the other powers in the European league. They feared for the existence if their rule in the land was to be cut short by the advancing Ottomans. This fear led to the Europeans mounting crusades and campaigns against the ottomans to no effect for they continued to conquer the land and new territories.

The Turks or the ottomans were able to learn the new skills and techniques of warfare from their Muslim brothers called the gazi warriors. Together they were able to gain more land and control more territories which was for their own good and gain. They were able to resist the crusades that were being mounted by the Christians in protest of the advancing and expansion of the Ottoman Empire. They had a common believe that the Christians were the infidels and were supposed to be converted and eliminated from the region. This made them to fight with courage and handed them the desired goal of emerging victorious in the wars. They acquired land and other valuables that enabled them to have the required wealth to supplement and support their war activities across the land. (History world)

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Teach and instruct about domestic violence. This might be a more effective way of educating younger people to assist them and understand the domestic violence isn’t an acceptable behavior, in fact it’s illegal. Promoting awareness of domestic violence. When you create awareness to the society regarding to the statistics and negative impacts of domestic violence has on communities and lives, it kept the issue alive and very vital. (Jeffrey, 2006)

Domestic violence

Spoke out against domestic violence. Spooking about the earnestness of domestic violence amongst family, and friends and other community members, it also assist to keep the significant out there.
Taking a stand against music, entertainment and jokes that might result to domestic violence. You should also be against any comments which blame the victim.
Set up fundraisers in order to give support to the local efforts behind domestic violence awareness and prevention. The more funded the programs are, the more they can reach the intended people.
Motivate the communities to institute centers for domestic violence. When assistance is made available, the victims can always come on it.
Give support to local news and legislation which aims at sustaining and protecting against domestic violence. In a place where there’s a stricter laws and regulation are in play, the abusers are kept into a fear, whereas the victim’s feels more sheltered with turning to law enforcement for assistance.
Ensuring that the demand that local social services employees and law enforcement are appropriately adhered to in domestic violence. Many years, women who were suffering from the domestic violence, they were afraid of reporting the matter to the authority because they were often re-victimized by the similar people whom they intended to give support.
Volunteer with domestic violence organization. Majority of these programs which aims at helping against domestic violence are poorly funded and might use all the aid they can get. In addition, it might be a positive way of giving back to the community whilst reaching out and poignant someone life that is in need. (Michael, 2001)

Give support

Give support to the development of after care programs endeavoring at helping the psychological necessitates of individuals and families that are under domestic violence.
Lastly but not the list, informed suspicions of domestic violence to the authorities. Up to present, the domestic violence still remains as a secret misdemeanor.
According to the statics conducted on domestic violence, it shows that the ratio of men abusing women is higher. It is also necessary for couples after or before marriage to visit a counseling lesion in order to create awareness and prevent future consequence such as domestic violence. Understanding the preventive measure of domestic violence has a lot of merits, such as assisting to sustain marriage. When couples are aware about the impact of domestic violence, they will be able to avoid it, since there’s no one who likes to get into hot water.
It also helps to keep a happy marriage, am sure you will sail in the same boat with me when I say, whenever there’s a quarrel, there’s no happiness. However, if couples have learnt the preventive methods of domestic violence, then they wouldn’t accept anything that might hinder their happiness. Moreover, it assists to keep a healthy family. Domestic violence causes a lot of stresses that normally made a person to be weak. It’s therefore necessary to understand preventive measure in order to keep your family healthy. (Priscilla Norman, 2009)
Everything that has a positive side must also have negative impacts, even though these preventive measures are vital against domestic violence, they have their demerits such as some people don’t take advice, and despite all the efforts made, it will be useless to them. Other’s illiterates and they can’t get the advice, also there some barbaric culture that makes this preventive measure to be useless.

Conclusion

Domestic violence is crime that can be prevented through a lot of methods that have being discussed above. Even though, this preventive ways have their merits and demerits. But, all in all they pray a big role in preventing and decreasing domestic violence.

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Identity

Identity is viewed by many in terms of race, religion, philosophical and political ideologies among others. Self identity may serve both as a diving factor or a unifying factor depending on how the differences are perceived. In the American society self identity has led to has led to the development of various forms of art and literature that have influenced the American culture. There is no single particular period in American history that has led to the creation of different forms of art and literature like the American Renaissance. This paper will look at some of the most important aspects about American renaissance and how one of the most important influence of the art and literature of this period was the aspect of self discovery.

The work of art and literature

The work of art and literature during the renaissance had very significant effects in the lives of bother African-American and American whites in the same sense. Some of the literal works were purely fiction borne out of imagination while others were narration of true events in form of biographies. However regardless of the genre the works of literature was significant in bringing out various aspects concerning the society. For African-Americans among the issues addresses during the renaissance by various writers included aspects such as the place and role of African-Americans in the society. The areas addressed included racism, slavery and culture. The extent of analysis of these works of literature awakened the thirst by many African-Americans to advocate for a better life for them.

However it was important that they first became conscious of their current situation and this role was brilliantly played by various works of literature. For instance in the biographical book ‘Incidents in the life of a Slave Girl’ written by Harriet Jacobs, Harriet (2001:8) explains that although she was born a slave it never dawned on her until she had reached the age of six years. Her parents, although working hard to purchase freedom for them also tried very hard to hide from them the fact that they were slaves. This shows how even parents hid the truth from their children giving them normal lives but in real sense they were slaves. Jacobs’ father was a very skilled carpenter and was very treasured for his good work but even this fact could not grant him the chance of buying freedom for his children let alone himself. Most African-Americans lived in denial of the fact that they were still considered slaves even if they could be professionals in various fields. Others just did not care because after all they had been given the privilege of earning a living. The role of telling the truth was therefore left to the work of various writers and poets during the American renaissance so that at least self discovery could be nurtured in the hearts of African-Americans.

African-American slaves

Jacobs further brings out another aspect of slave life that apparently made many African-American slaves oblivious and ignorant of the fact that they could have better opportunities in life if they were free. Jacobs explains that slave owners thrived on the ignorance of the slaves to lie to them that other slaves who had tried to escape or abandon their masters were living miserable lives. Jacobs criticizes them strongly when she says that: “you would have small respect for their veracity,” (2001:36) when she describes the extent to which the slave masters lied to the slaves. That kind of boldness expressed by Jacobs in her words could only have been motivated by self discovery and the realization that the conditions that the slaves were living in were utterly unfair.

Self discovery

The aspect of self discovery was particularly important for African-Americans and it became materialistic during their fight for equal rights and also the abolition of slavery. In the perspective of literature self discovery led to the emergence of African-American style of gospel music, delivery of sermons and music such as rap. These aspects have played important roles in the enrichment of the American culture in general owing to the role played by various writers and poets in nurturing self discovery within the African-American community. It also gave American whites the chance to understand and appreciate African-Americans.

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